Italian Opera
Italian opera is a musical art form that had its beginnings in Florence in the
late 1500s. It was based on a number of performance genres that preceded it, including Greek Drama, monody (poems
sung by a solo vocalist with single instrument backing) and madrigals (a capella singing by 3-6
harmonizing vocalists).
Madrigals and their many variations were performed at court in between acts of a play – a custom known
as intermezzi – and tended to be lavish spectacles featuring singing, dancing and elaborate
sets.
The 16th Century: The Seeds of Italian
Opera
Cristofano Malvezzi (1547–1599) was born in Lucca, Tuscany, but later lived in Florence. There he
was maestro di cappella at the cathedral and wrote madrigals and
numerous intermezzi for the Medici family's entertainments. It's speculated that he was a member
of the Florentine Camerata, a group of progressive musicians and poets who, in attempting to recreate the music of
ancient Greece, created the first monody, a forerunner of the aria and essentially the genesis of opera.
The 17th Century: Opera is Born
The earliest known opera composition is Dafne, written by Jacopo Peri (1561–1633) in 1597. Peri was
born in Rome but relocated to Florence to study music. In the 1590s, he met Jacopo Corsi, the leading patron of
music in Florence, and they decided to recreate a form of Greek tragedy, following in the footsteps of the
Florentine Camerata, which had produced the first experiments in monody. Peri and Corsi invited the poet Ottavio
Rinuccini to write a text, andDafne was the result.
Peri's later composition, Euridice, written in 1600 with Giulio Caccini, is the earliest surviving
opera and was initially performed as part of the celebrations for a Medici wedding, thereby catapulting opera into
the mainstream of court entertainment. Peri credited the madrigals of Emilio del Cavalieri as the forerunner of the
operatic form.
Claudio Monteverdi (1567–1643)
Claudio Monteverdi was a native of Mantua, Lombardy, who wrote his first opera, La Favola
d'Orfeo (The Fable of Orpheus), in 1607 for the court. Moving to Venice in 1613, Monteverdi subsequently
enriched the performance of opera by adding an orchestra, more lavish costumes and sets, and a more dramatic vocal
style. Monteverdi's work, often regarded as revolutionary, marked the transition from the Renaissance style of
music to the Baroque.
The Roman Composers
Several decades later, opera had spread throughout the Italian peninsular, the result of touring companies who
performed in all the major cities. In Rome, the prelate Giulio Rospigliosi (later Pope Clement IX) was an
accomplished writer of poetry, dramas and libretti, as well as what may be the first comic opera. Other prominent
Roman composers include Luigi Rossi, composer of two operas (Il Palazzo
Incantato and Orfeo in 1647), Michelangelo Rossi (composer of Erminia sul
Giordano in 1633 and Andromeda in 1638), Marco Marazzoli (composer of L'Amore
Trionfante Dello Sdegno and various intermedi), and Virgilio Mazzocchi (composer of sacred vocal
music for the papal chapels). The Roman composers increased the number of characters in their operas, which added
to the drama and potential plot twists.
Opera In Venice
The first public opera house, the Teatro di San Cassiano, opened in Venice in 1637. Opera was no longer a court
entertainment but a commercial enterprise open to the paying public. Additional opera houses soon opened throughout
the city, performing a variety of works during Venice's Carnivale season. Claudio Monteverdi wrote
three works for Venice's theatres: Il Ritorno d'Ulisse in Patria (1640), Le Nozze d'Enea
con Lavinia (1641) and L'Incoronazione di Poppea (1642).
Opera in Europe
Italian touring companies brought opera to other European cities, including Warsaw and Vienna. Several Italian
composers made their homes abroad. Poland's Prince Wladyslaw Vasa imported composers from Italy, while a former
Italian monk, libretto composer Antonio Cesti, became a member of the court at Innsbruck in 1652. Cesti wrote an
opera for the Habsburg court in 1668, which marked the beginning of Italian operatic dominance north of the Alps.
Italian opera became the international style in the hands of composers such as Handel, Gluck and Mozart. Although
local composers attempted to write operas in their own languages, this was not to be successful until centuries
later.
The 18th Century: Opera
Seria vs Opera Buffa
Towards the end of the 17th century a new genre, opera seria (serious opera), became dominant in
Europe. This was in response to the popularity of the Neapolitan invention, opera buffa (comic
opera), that had spread throughout Italy during the mid 1700s. Opera Seria aimed for simplicity of
style, classical themes, poetic ideals and life affirming values.
Opera Buffa, on the other hand, owed much to farce and the Commedia dell'Arte, and featured
simple plots, modest scenery, small casts and orchestras, colloquial language, plays on words, action and humor.
But all this changed in the second half of the 18th century when playwright Carlo Goldoni and composer Baldassare
Galuppi modified the comic opera form to include two to three acts, more complexity of plot and character, and
social themes. Goldoni and Galuppi's most famous collaboration is Il Filosofo di Campagna (1754).
Goldoni later collaborated with composer Niccolò Piccinni to create another new genre called opera
semiseria, which typically featured two buffo characters, two serious characters and two
in-between. Additionally, the one-act farsa (farce) was a condensed version of a comic opera that
gradually evolved into a genre in its own right.
German composer Christoph Willibald Gluck later simplified opera seria in an attempt to avoid the
traditional vocal embellishments and emphasis on spectacle. He advocated that the music must be subservient to the
drama. Weber, Mozart and Wagner were all influenced by his approach. Mozart wrote a series of comedies,
including Così Fan Tutte, The Marriage of Figaroand Don Giovanni (with
Lorenzo Da Ponte) which remain among the popular operas today, but he was less successful when
writing opera seria.
The 19th Century: The Romantic Period
In the early 19th century composer Gioacchino Rossini (1792–1868) modified the dramatic excesses which typified the
theater of his era to initiate opera's Romantic period. His first success was an opera
buffa, La Cambiale di Matrimonio (1810), followed by The Barber of
Seville and La Cenerentola. He also wrote serious opera,
including Otello (1816) and Guilliame Tell (1829).
Other notable Romantic Opera composers include:
- Vincenzo Bellini (1801–35) was born in
Catania, Sicily, and known for his long-flowing melodies. Bellini is considered the quintessential composer
of bel canto opera.
- Gaetano Donizetti (1797–1848) was born in Bergamo, Lombardy, but wrote in
Rome, Milan and Naples. Donizetti achieved some popular success in the 1820s but became famous throughout
Europe when his Anna Bolena premiered in Milan. L'Elisir d'Amore, a comedy
produced in 1832, is considered one of the masterpieces of 19th-centuryopera buffa, as is
his Don Pasquale (1843). Lucia di Lammermoor (1835), is his most famous
opera, and one of the high points of the bel canto tradition.
- Giuseppe Verdi (1813–1901) was one of the most influential composers of the
19th century. Verdi experimented with musical and dramatic forms, and transformed the whole nature of operatic
writing during his career. In 1877, he created Otello which is described by critics as the
finest of Italian romantic operas. Verdi's last opera, Falstaff(1893), defied convention by using
the patterns of ordinary speech.
The 20th
Century
Giacomo Puccini (1858–1924) wrote some of the greatest Italian operas of the 20th century, including Manon
Lescaut, La Bohème, Tosca, and Madame Butterfly. Born in Lucca in Tuscany,
he enrolled in the Milan Conservatory in 1880. Manon Lescaut (1893), his third opera, was his
first great success. La Bohème (1896) is considered one of his best works as well as one of the
most romantic operas ever composed. It is, together with Tosca, one of the world's most popular
operas. Madame Butterfly (1904) was initially panned, but was reworked to become another of his
most successful operas. Puccini also wrote orchestral pieces, sacred music, chamber music and compositions for
piano and voice.
Italian opera remains a popular form of entertainment throughout the world, with works by its most eminent
composers being performed every day on a stage somewhere. The Three Tenors brought opera to the attention of the
general populace, and many of us changed our minds about what this music had to offer. Whether we understand the
lyrics or not, pieces like Nessun Dorma can affect us in a way that other music can't. In that
moment, a long dead composer reaches across time and touches our souls.
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